Meaning of Interpreted or Compiled in JavaScript

Computers cannot actually run the code that you write in JavaScript (or any other language for that matter). Computers can only run machine code. The machine code that a particular computer can run is defined within the processor that is going to run those commands and can be different for different processors. Obviously, writing machine code was difficult for people to do (is 125 an add command or is it 126 or perhaps 27). To get around that problem what are known as assembly  languages were created. These languages used more obvious names for the commands (such as ADD for adding) and thus did away with the need to remember the exact machine codes. Assembly languages still have a one to one relationship with the particular processor and machine code that the computer converts those commands into. Assembly Languages Must Be Compiled or Interpreted Very early on it was realized that easier to write languages were needed and that the computer itself could be used to translate those into the machine code instructions that the computer can actually understand. There were two approaches that could be taken with this translation and both alternatives were chosen (either one or the other will be used depending on the language being used and where it is being run). A compiled language is one where once the program has been written you feed the code through a program called a compiler and that produces a machine code version of the program. When you want to then run the program you just call the machine code version. If you make changes to the program you need to recompile it before being able to test the changed code. An interpreted language is one where the instructions are converted from what you have written into machine code as the program is being run. An interpreted language basically gets an instruction from the program source, converts it to machine code, runs that machine code and then grabs the next instruction from the source to repeat the process. Two Variants on Compiling and Interpreting One variant uses a two-stage process. With this variant, the source of your program is compiled not directly into the machine code but instead is converted to an assembly-like language that is still independent of the particular processor. When you want to run the code it then processes that compiled code through an interpreter specific to the processor so as to get the machine code appropriate to that processor. This approach has many of the benefits of compiling while maintaining processor independence since the same compiled code can be interpreted by many different processors. Java is one language that often uses this variant. The other variant is called a Just in Time compiler (or JIT). With this approach, you dont actually run the compiler after you have written your code. Instead, that happens automatically when you run the code. Using a Just in Time compiler the code isnt interpreted statement by statement, it is compiled all in one go each time when it is called to be run and then the compiled version that it just created is what gets run. This approach makes it look a lot like the code is being interpreted except that instead of errors only being found when the statement with the error is reached, any errors detected by the compiler result in none of the code being run instead of all of the code up to that point being run. PHP is an example of a language that usually uses just in time compilation. Is JavaScript Compiled or Interpreted? So now we know what interpreted  code  and compiled code  mean, the question we next need to answer is what does all of this have to do with JavaScript? Depending on exactly where you run your JavaScript the code may be compiled or interpreted or use either of the other two variants mentioned. Most of the time you are ​running your JavaScript in a web browser and there the JavaScript is usually interpreted. Interpreted languages are usually slower than compiled languages. There are two reasons for this. Firstly the code to be interpreted actually has to be interpreted before it can be run and  secondly, that has to happen every time that the statement is to be run (not only every time you run the JavaScript but if it is in a loop then it needs to be done every time around the loop). This means that code written in JavaScript will run slower than code written in many other languages. How does knowing this help us where JavaScript is the only language available for us to run across all web browsers? The JavaScript interpreter itself that is built into the web browser is not written in JavaScript.  Instead, it is written in some other language that was then compiled. What this means is that you can make your JavaScript run faster if you can take advantage of any commands that JavaScript provides that allow you to offload the task to the JavaScript engine itself. Examples for Getting JavaScript to Run Faster An example of this is that some but not all browsers have implemented a document.getElementsByClassName() method within the JavaScript engine while others have yet to do so. When we need this particular functionality we can make out code run faster in those browsers where the JavaScript engine provides it by using feature sensing to see if the method already exists and only creating our own version of that code in JavaScript when the JavaScript engine doesnt provide it for us. Where the JavaScript engine does provide that functionality it should run faster if we use that rather than running our own version written in JavaScript. The same applies to any processing that the JavaScript engine makes available for us to call directly. There will also be instances where JavaScript provides multiple ways of making the same request. In those  instances, one of the ways of accessing the information may be more specific than the other. For example document.getElementsByTagName(table)[0].tBodies and document.getElementsByTagName(table)[0].getElementsByTagName(tbody) both retrieve the same  nodelist  of the  tbody  tags in the first table in the web page however the first of these is a specific command for retrieving the  tbody  tags where the second identifies that we are retrieving  tbody  tags in a parameter and other values can be substituted to retrieve other tags. In most  browsers, the shorter and more specific variant of the code will run faster (in some instances much faster) than the second variant and so it makes sense to use the shorter and more specific version. It also makes the code easier to read and maintain. Now in many of these  cases, the actual difference in the processing time will be very small and it will only be when you add many such code choices together that you will get any noticeable difference in the time your code takes to run. It is fairly rare though that changing your code to make it run faster is going to make the code significantly longer or harder to maintain, and often the reverse will be true.There is also the added benefit that future versions of JavaScript engines may be created that speed up the more specific variant even further so that using the specific variant may mean that your code will run faster in the future without you having to change anything.

Paideia as Bildung in Germany in the Age of Enlightenment...

Paideia as Bildung in Germany in the Age of Enlightenment ABSTRACT: There have been many interpretations of Bildung in the history of German philosophy, from the Medieval mystics to the secularization of the Enlightenment. Wilhelm von Humboldts work at the end of the 18th century is a good example. He placed the idea of Bildung at the center of his work because it was rooted in a dynamic, transforming idea of the natural and human worlds while also being oriented toward a model of balance and perfection. Von Humboldts interpretation of modernity is characterized by a strong emphasis on change as well as the need to find criteria for guiding such a transformation that has no intrinsic or predetermined end. Love of classical antiquity†¦show more content†¦In this way, to render the semantic extent of the term, the meanings of forma and formatio and imago and imitatio are involved as well; and the following two concepts are implied: firstly the concept of production according to an order that gives rise to a form (to something subside nt on the basis of mutually congruent rules) and secondly the conformation of the said act to an image given as assumption, as a model endowed with an absolute value which this image must resemble or aim for. The original meaning of bilden, as the Deutsches Wà ¶rterbuch by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm states, is that of a plastic activity on the sensory level and means giving shape, producing a certain object abiding to the rules which preside over the Art. In this case bilden is a synonym for gestalten and formieren. But the relationship of reproduction, and therefore of resemblance with respect to an image must be added to this , and this addition to an Urbild pushes bilden well beyond the pure and simple formation of an object and gives rise to the complex relationship between model and copy, original and reproduction which implies a very different approach to the question. Such a double meaning

Climate Change Economics and Policy Global Warming

Questions: 1. Why is the mitigation of GHGs characterised as a public good and what is the main implication of this? 2. Assume you are the principal advisor of the Minister for the Environment. The Minister has an upcoming media interview about a proposed carbon tax and would like precise and concise answers for the following potential topics. a) In three dot points explain the rationale for the governments intervention to mitigate climate change? b) In three dot points explain why a carbon tax is the preferred policy? 3. Write a one paragraph response to the following question. Why do most economists put their trust in market-based solutions as opposed to direct government interventions (so called command and control approaches) to mitigate GHGs? Answer: 1. The mitigation of GHG is characterized as a public good. Greenhouse gas (GHG) is a gaseous compound that is able to absorb the infrared radiation by capturing and grasping heat in the environment. The greenhouse effect is caused by the greenhouses gases. Due to this effect, the temperature of the atmosphere rises which ultimately leads to the global warming effect. Therefore, GHG emission problem is an example of negative externality which includes some spillover cost or external costs. Negative externalities occur when the consumption of a good or service imposes harm on others who are not directly associated with either the production or the consumption of that good. GHG is considered as a public bad since it is just the opposite of public good. It gives disutility to people when consumed. Some more examples of public bad are air pollution, air pollution etc. GHG is a public bad, therefore GHG mitigation will be a public good. The people who cant pay for GHG mitigation, they can t be excluded from having the advantages of avoiding the harmful effects of the climate. Emission of GHG represents a negative externality which leads the to market failure. Therefore, the mitigation of GHG will be considered as public good. To reduce the GHG emission, two types of policy are taken: mitigation policy and adaptation policy. In mitigation policy options, there are two broad responses: regulatory approaches and the market based approaches. The main instruments for market based approach are GHG tax and emission trading schemes or ETS. These are the major implications for the mitigation for GHG. 2 a) The Minister for the Environment has a media interview about a proposed carbon tax. As the principal advisor of the Minister for the Environment, some suggestions can be made. The following three points explain the governments intervention to mitigate the climate change. Today the world is facing through many problems. One of the major problems is climate change due to air pollution. Some other problems are greenhouse gas emission, global warming etc. Climate change is an example of negative externality. The effects of climate change are increasing over time. Another feature of climate change is that significant uncertainties exist about the possible type, size and timing of impacts. To produce the socially efficient outcome will be another intervention of the government to mitigate the climate change. To gather information about the rural economies and research on how they utilize agro biodiversity to cope with the climate change is another objective of the government to mitigate the climate change. b) A carbon tax is the preferred policy than the emission trading schemes or ETS because This is a market based policy instrument that involves the behavioural change. It provides opportunities and incentives to decrease the cost of mitigation and therefore provides an efficient outcome. This policy uses the power of market price. According to many researchers, carbon pricing is the most efficient mechanism. Imposing a tax on carbon will make the market forces to reduce the demand for carbon based industries like fuels (Fahimnia et al. 2015). 3. The most economists put their trust in market based solutions as opposed to direct government interventions to mitigate GHGs. In the modern life, energy is very essential. The present method of producing the energy generates carbon dioxide and leads to the depletion of the global climate. There is a need to find a way to reduce carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions. It may be done through some alternative energy technology or by changing peoples consumption patterns focussing on the items that require less energy. The problem is associated with a large number of possible solutions. Now the difficulty is to select the correct solution that will achieve the required reduction in emission along with the minimum disruption and also economic cost. That is another problem. For instance, in decreasing the emissions from the transport, the possible solutions may be the using of more efficient private cars, more expansion of the public transport and the usage of telecommunication suc h as the email, phone calls as an alternative of face-to-face meetings. There may be some other solutions also. Another solution for government may be to recruit some experts to recognize the suitable methods of decreasing emissions and to adapt some regulations or other types of direct action to make sure that those methods are introduced properly (Grimes and Kentor 2015). Reference list: Grimes, P. and Kentor, J., 2015. Exporting the Greenhouse: Foreign Capital Penetration and CO? Emissions 1980 1996.journal of world-systems research,9(2), pp.261-275. Fahimnia, B., Sarkis, J., Choudhary, A. and Eshragh, A., 2015. Tactical supply chain planning under a carbon tax policy scheme: A case study.International Journal of Production Economics,164, pp.206-215.

Rhetorical Analysis of the “I Have a Dream” Speech free essay sample

During the mid-20th Century, racism was a huge issue in the United States, which the most prominent was the racism of African-Americans. Although all blacks were supposed to be free, under a corrupt law system, blacks were victimized mercilessly. Therefore, blacks decided to try and change the system and multiple civil rights activists and groups appeared. The most notable activist of them was Martin Luther King Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, or the SCLC (Martin Luther King, Jr. Biography). Throughout the 1960s, King engaged in various civil rights boycotts and protests, helping to further the movement and gaining its eventual victory. Out of all of his civil rights-related efforts, the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech, given on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial during the â€Å"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom† in 1963 (â€Å"March on Washington For Jobs and Freedom). The speech had a massive impact as it managed to illustrate the racist prob lems of the time and provoke the audience into feeling sympathy while providing hope to the depressed African-American population. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of the â€Å"I Have a Dream† Speech or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sadly, the speech also made the movement and King very popular, making his opponents treat him as a threat, causing him to be assassinated 5 years later and he was unable to enjoy the fruits of his work. The reason for â€Å"I Have a Dream† massive impact is due to the tense social mood of the time and that it reflects the conditions of the time, giving black activists a vision for the future. It struck directly into the hearts of blacks across America, made whites ashamed of their actions and willing to have a new start and shook society to its roots. In just 17 minutes, King influenced and informed the generations and generations of people about racial equality and fairness. According to almost all scholars, the seventeen-minute speech is a masterpiece of rhetoric (Edwards). This is obvious when analyzing the speech as one can notice that King carefully structures his speech to appeal to the different types of audience, supporting it with the three rhetorical modes of ethos, pathos and logos which are reinforced with different rhetorical tropes and schemes, marking King’s name in history. The most important of any speech is its structure – something which King does extremely well in his speech by showing the plight of the Negroes, showing the truth of the civil rights movement and that there is hope in the future. Basically, the speech’s structure is intended to appeal to the three types of audiences likely to be listening to King’s speech – the average blacks who are discriminated against, the average whites who harbor thoughts typical of that time and the militant blacks and racist supremacists who argue that blacks are evil and the civil rights movement is violent. In the first part of his speech, King, cleverly paints a picture of the plight of the Negroes and thoroughly describes their condition. For example, in the start of the essay, King says that the life of the blacks is â€Å"crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination† and that the blacks are living on a â€Å"lonely island of poverty† in the midst of a â€Å"vast ocean of material prosperity.† This first makes the whites realize how the blacks are in a terrible plight and make them dislike their actions while striking deep into the hearts of blacks as this clearly paints out their situation. Further on, King continues to emphasize this by continuing to list examples of the Negroes’ problems, which continues to strike at the Negroes as they are stirred by descriptions of their sadness and makes whites uncomfortable as they think that they are the ones responsible for this. Also, King makes references to how America has literally broken their promise to the Negroes by refusing them the rights granted in the Constitution. Therefore, the plight of the Negroes is not their fault; it is the fault of the whites. One problem with the civil rights movement, however, is that many enemies of the movement argue that activists of the movement act aggressively and use violent methods to seek their goals. This ha s caused many people to lose their support for their movement. In order to stop this, King, who was a public face for the movement at the time, states that the Negroes must conduct their struggle â€Å"on the high plane of dignity and discipline† and must not allow their â€Å"creative protest to degenerate into physical violence† for the â€Å"marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people.† Later, near the end of his speech, King continues to â€Å"preach† this point, for example by stating that he has a dream that â€Å"little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.† Through this, King intends to say that the black militants are not supported by the majority of the civil rights movement and that the movement is intent on reaching their goals nonviolently. This also has the additional effect making the w hites uncomfortable when they think how the blacks are not really the savages they think they are and are instead dignified, honorable people who continue to endure and that the whites are the true savage beasts. However, this is not the end. After portraying multiple examples of white brutality and the pain of the Negro people, however, King knows that it is important to give the Negro people a message of hope. Therefore, at the very end, King starts to talk about the future and how one day, freedom will â€Å"ring† from all across the United States and how people of all races will be able to â€Å"join hands† and be â€Å"brothers and sisters.† Overall, King intelligently uses a well-planned structure to manipulate his audience into agreeing with him by painting an image of the Negros’s plight. In his speech, in order to back up his basic structure King uses rhetorical modes, one of which is pathos, or the mode of utilizing human emotions, by making his audience no longer hate Negroes and instead hate racism and wish for a new, better world, which is part of the structure of his essay. King tries his best in the speech to make the audience sympathize with the Negroes, dislike racism and then be filled with hope of a new world without racism by using strong adjectives and metaphors. For example, King constantly describes the Negroes as being â€Å"crippled† by the â€Å"manacles of segregation† and â€Å"chains of discrimination.† Through this, King makes the audience feel that the Negroes are in great calamity; as if the Negroes had committed a crime and have to be restrained, something which King emphasizes on when he compares the situation of the Negroes as to being stranded on a â€Å"lonely island of poverty† while everybody else around them are indulging in a â€Å"ocean of material prosperity.† Therefore, through this, the audience realizes how it is not because the Negroes are stupid that they live in poverty, but because the white American society is literally holding them back. Later, King then aims to make the audience hate racism by giving them a metaphor: that racism is a â€Å"dark and desolate valley† while racial justice is a â€Å"sunlit path.† It results in the audience first realizing that their society is in that dark and desolate valley then thinking that without racism, the American society could then climb onto the sunlit path of racial justice. Throughout his speech, King does this again and again, such as writing that black children are â€Å"stripped of their selfhood† and dignity by â€Å"signs stating ‘For Whites Only’† and that black people are â€Å"judged by the color of their skin† instead of the â€Å"content of their character.† This all serves to make the audience feel ashamed of racism. Finally, King paints a picture of his vision and hope in the audience’s mind by repeating â€Å"I have a dream† followed by optimist statements, repeating â€Å"Let freedom ring!† and that one day all of â€Å"God’s children,† no matter what their race or color, will be able to be brothers and sisters without racial injustice. Overall, King effectively uses pathos in his speech, guiding the audience’s feelings to go along his plans and making them sympathize with Negroes, hate racism and be filled with a hope of an equal world. Other than pathos, King also utilizes the other two modes of rhetoric, ethos and logos, the art of using social ethics and logic and examples, although logos is used far less frequently compared to the other two modes. These two modes help in King’s structure to make the audience think that the whites have lied and broken their promises to the Negroes. In the late beginning of his speech of his speech, King writes that when America was founded, â€Å"the Constitution and Declaration of Independence† stated that all men, black or white, were to be granted the same rights. However, nowadays, America has not kept its promise to the black people King compares this to having given Negroes â€Å"a bad check,† a check which has come back marked â€Å"insufficient funds† despite the â€Å"promissory note† of the â€Å"Constitution and Declaration of Independence†. Ethically, most people believe that it is necessary to keep a promise. Therefore, thi s puts racism in a whole new light: that racism is not justified as the US has failed to deliver their promises. This helps in making whites uncomfortable about their actions – something important in King’s structure. Later on, King mentions that racial equality can only be achieved until â€Å"justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.† This deliberately makes the audience think that racial segregation is wrong and against basic moral principles. Finally, King also attacks the enforcers of racial segregation, or the police, by citing â€Å"police brutality† and insufficient living conditions for the prisoners. Meanwhile, the one example of logos in the speech is when King refers to the Emancipation Proclamation Lincoln signed 100 years earlier. King writes in the very beginning that â€Å"five score years ago,† Lincoln signed the â€Å"Emancipation Proclamation† that declared slaves free and blacks were no longer to be treated like property. King uses this piece of evidence to show that even Lincoln, one of the most admired men in US history, supported the freeing of blacks, creating an ethos appeal through the logos of Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation. However, there is also a logos appeal as well because when audiences think about it, the Emancipation Proclamation, or the order to free slaves and start of racial equality, had been written a hundred years ago. Yet, in all that time, the idea of racial equality, instead of increasing, had decreased. Therefore, America should start adopting the ideas of racial equality. In summary, King’s speech also utilizes the modes of ethos and logos in the first half of his speech as the civil rights movement is based heavily in ethics and to show that Lincoln, one of the most respected Americans in history, supported the freeing of blacks and since it has been one hundred years since the black equality movement really started. To assist in his rhetorical modes, King uses rhetorical tropes in his modes such as when he alludes to several different works like the Bible, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and Shakespeare’s â€Å"Richard III† syncing King’s ideas with what is considered righteous by many people, makes the audience remember important parts of the past and helps audience understand the situation, all of which are important to the success of the speech. An example of this is when King writes â€Å"justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.† This is a direct biblical allusion to Amos 5:24 – â€Å"But let justice roll on like a river, righteousness like a never-failing stream!† Another biblical allusion is when King writes that he has a dream that one day, â€Å"every valley shall be exalted,† every hill and mountain â€Å"made low,† all rough places will be â€Å"plain† and crooked places â€Å"straightâ⠂¬  and that the â€Å"glory of the Lord shall be revealed.† Other than the direct Christian allusion by mentioning God, this phrase also alludes the Isaiah 40:4-5 – â€Å"Every valley shall be raised up, every mountain and hill made low; the rough ground shall become level, the rugged places a plain. And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed.† King also alludes to Psalms 30:5 by writing â€Å"It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity† as the second half of Psalms 30:5 states, â€Å"weeping may remain for a night, but rejoicing comes in the morning.† All these biblical allusions remind the audience that what King says is in accordance to the Bible. Large quantities of the 1960s American population were churchgoers. Therefore, as the audience would all hold the Bible to be righteous, by making the audience think that King words are in sync with the Bible, King manages to make the audience feel as if his arguments are a ll definitely righteous and should be supported. Another allusion, this time a literary one, is to Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address when King states â€Å"Five score years ago† at the start of his speech, which is an direct allusion to the phrase â€Å"Four score and seven years ago† at the start of the Gettysburg Address. Due to the fact that the Gettysburg Address is also about human rights and that most people remember Lincoln as being a staunch supporter of blacks, this allusion makes the audience remember that one of the greatest men in history opposed segregation. The final allusion, also a literary allusion, is when King writes that the â€Å"summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality.† This alludes to the opening lines of â€Å"Richard III,† a historical play by William Shakespeare, which are â€Å"Now is the winter of our discontent. Made glorious summer by th is sun of York.† In â€Å"Richard III,† the main character, Richard, and his brother, Edward, are constantly in a state of conflict. Therefore, through this allusion, King attempts to make the reader think that the situation between black and white men are the same – both are technically â€Å"brothers,† yet are both struggling and fighting against each other. The allusions used by King reinforces his message as they make it seems to be in sync with the Bible and make the audience that like the story of â€Å"Richard III,† black and white men, technically â€Å"brothers,† are battling each other. Through these allusions, King intends to support his ethos as the Bible is a great source of ethics, Lincoln is historically famous for his ethical beliefs and because an allusion to â€Å"Richard III† invokes the ethic that brothers should not discriminate against each other. Metaphors, another useful rhetorical trope, are essential to help audiences fully understand an idea as it compares an idea with something the audience is familiar with, which is important to bring out modes such as ethos and pathos. King uses a series of more complicated metaphors in the middle of his essay. He claims that by â€Å"the Constitution and Declaration of Independence,† the forefathers of America were â€Å"signing a promissory note† that all men, whatever color, would be granted the same rights. However, King then says in the view of the Negroes, the US government have given the Negroes a â€Å"bad check,† a bad check that does not promise them the same results that have been given to the white population. Later on, King says that many equal rights activists have been â€Å"battered by the storms of persecution† and the â€Å"winds of police brutality.† Through this metaphor, King paints the upholders of the Jim Crow laws, the laws su ppressing blacks (Jim Crow Laws), in a bad light. These two metaphors both relate to ethos as the first metaphor invokes the ethic of keeping your promises while the second metaphor involves torture, something which most of the American population was against. Finally, King uses several last metaphors when he writes that with faith, it is possible to transform the â€Å"jangling discords† of our nation into a â€Å"beautiful symphony of brotherhood.† This metaphor, on the other hand, is related to pathos as the audience immediately feels good due to the King’s choice of words. All of these metaphors are aimed to make the audience realize that continued racial injustice will lead to total chaos while racial equality leads to a beautiful society. Overall, the metaphors King uses are effective to support the ethos and pathos as they make the audience realize that the US have cheated the Negroes, that those who uphold the Jim Crow laws are evil and that it is possib le to transform the US society. Like the metaphor, the simile is useful to help the audience understand ideas and is also part of the rhetorical modes. Examples of the simile in King’s speech is when he writes that the Emancipation Proclamation came â€Å"as a joyous daybreak† to the black slaves to end the â€Å"long night of their captivity.† This simile tells and emphasizes to the audience how the Emancipation Proclamation was a great â€Å"beacon of hope† to the slaves and how they rejoiced when the received the news. Therefore, this also helps to make the audience delighted and happy for the Negroes, which means they become saddened when King tells them how 100 years later, the Negroes, however, are still not free. Also, this simile fits the mood of the speech as the speech occurred near the Lincoln Memorial. King implies to this by writing that the Emancipation Proclamation was signed by a â€Å"great American† whose â€Å"symbolic shadow† they stand in. Other simile s are â€Å"justice rolls down like waters† and â€Å"righteousness like a mighty stream.† These similes intend to tell the audience that King and his friends will not stop until justice comes down and sweep away all racism and injustice King also uses a rhetorical question, the final trope in his speech -â€Å"when will you be satisfied?† in his speech in order to trigger a flood of answers and to stir up the feelings of blacks. In the middle part of his speech, King writes that some whites ask black activists when blacks will be satisfied. King then writes that blacks will not be satisfied as long as there is racism. First, King is answering many whites: blacks will not be satisfied until everybody is equal. Then, King stirs up the feelings of the blacks with his question when he includes all sorts of examples of racial injustice to colored people when he answers himself. This is intended to support pathos as it is effective in stirring up the black audience’s feelings and anger. The rhetorical question is useful to King because they answer questions posed by the whites and stir up the Negroes’ feelings about racism. Other than tropes, though, King uses schemes as well, such as epistrophe. He uses epistrophe when he writes â€Å"With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.† Epistrophe, which is when a certain word at the end of a clause is repeated again and again, is effective in this case as it puts emphasis on the fact that the civil rights movement will always work together and will never forget or leave anybody to suffer alone. Without this, many civil rights activists might come under the impression that they have been forgotten whenever they got arrested or prosecuted and would stop working for the civil rights movement. King utilizes this to support his pathos as it effectively motivates the civil rights movement. Therefore, the world is informed that the civil rights movements are united together and to all activists they are not alone. Martin Luther King uses anaphora multiple times in his speech as it is also closely related to the rhetorical mode of pathos. Examples are when he repeats â€Å"One hundred years later† three times in one paragraph and â€Å"Now is the time† four times in another paragraph. Through constant repetition, King aims to emphasize his point in the reader’s mind. Another example, when asked when Negros will be satisfied, King repeats â€Å"We will not be satisfied† multiple times, followed by an example of injustice suffered by African-Americans – which impresses on the audience (this was broadcast on live TV as well) that blacks will not stop until they are not discriminated against. Other than those occasions, there are other examples, such as when King writes â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of form er slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood†¦. every valley shall be exalted†¦and the glory of the Lord†¦shall see it together.† By repeating â€Å"I have a dream,† King emphasizes the fact that he can see a new America, an America free from racial injustice and cruelty. King also writes how â€Å"let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire†¦from Stone Mountain of Georgia†¦Lookout Mountain of Tennessee†¦hill and molehill of Mississippi†¦let freedom ring.† The anaphora used here emphasizes King’s point and wish for freedom from all parts of the nation, evidenced by how he references to places all over America. It also backs up King’s pathos as the constant repetition is very useful for arousing the audience’s emotions, especially when combined with the moving content anaphora is often used in conjunction with. Overall, the mult iple use of anaphora in King’s speech emphasizes the point to the audience that the blacks will not stop until the Jim Crow laws are gone and that when those laws are gone, a new America will emerge. Throughout the speech, another scheme King uses frequently is parallelism, the strategy of repeating similar clauses, several times. Parallelism is useful to emphasize things and ideas to the audience, which, like all the other tropes and schemes. Early in his speech, King writes â€Å"riches of freedom† and â€Å"security of justice† and then â€Å"justice rolls down like waters† and â€Å"righteousness like a mighty stream.† In these two examples, King is using parallelism to express that the African American wants justice and freedom by repeating them next to each other and mentally connecting them in the reader’s mind, which is also connected with pathos as the terms King uses subtly emphasize those words and create good feelings in the reader. As campaigning Negroes have been prosecuted by the police, King makes a mention of them when he writes that those activists have been â€Å"battered by the storms of persecution† and â€Å"stagge red by the winds of police brutality.† This emphasizes to the audience that many racial demonstrators, despite being brutally treated (which supports ethos as it is a reference to police brutality), have not given up on their efforts. At the end of his speech, King uses parallelism two more times when he writes â€Å"Let freedom ring† multiple times followed by â€Å"from (American place name).† King decides to again emphasize the importance of freedom by using parallelism and by mentioning place names to implant in the reader of how they should â€Å"let freedom ring† from across the US. Finally to cap his speech King writes how one day when â€Å"all of God’s children,† no matter if they are â€Å"black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics† will be able to sing together â€Å"in the words of the old Negro spiritual, ‘Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!’† In this case, King expresses how all people in the world, despite their differences, are God’s children and should not be discriminated against by putting almost all of the different groups of people together in a parallel structure. Both of those two final examples are pathos-related as the first example creates good feelings and is inspirational while the final example creates hope for the future in the audience. In summary, parallelism connects different points and, like all other devices, tells the audience of how blacks want justice and that how all people of the world should not be discriminated against. Antithesis is when two utterly different ideas are put together, which is useful for grabbing attention and emphasizing. King uses it in his speech in order to express all his points. First, King writes that â€Å"the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.† This antithesis makes the audience realize that the Negroes have been left behind and ignored while the rest of modern society has charged forward into prosperity and fortune. From this revelation, the audience will also realize that it is no fault of the Negro that they have been left behind – in contrast, modern society have been dragging them back through racism. In order to dispel any misguided ideas that whites have of the Negroes’ fortune, King tells them directly that Negroes are in poverty as everybody is blocking them from entering the ocean of â€Å"material prosperity.† The second time King uses antithesis is when he states that â€Å" Nineteen Sixty-Three is not an end, but a beginning,† which he aims to express that the revolution will not stop at 1963; rather it will have a new beginning. Finally, King uses antithesis one more time at the end of his speech, when he writes â€Å"when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands.† The pairs he mentions are all the direct opposites of each other, yet he says that they will all join hands together and be friends. King implies that one day, all differences will fall away as, no matter what our race and color, we are God’s children. Overall, antithesis is used by King to grab the audience’s attention and emphasize to them that the Negroes’ poverty is the fault of the whites, that the revolution will not end at the Washington march and that all men are God’s children. Finally, the last scheme used by King is the isocolon, or repetition of grammatical structure in several clauses, as it builds rhythm and can be used to connect ideas. An example of this is when King writes â€Å"Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana.† Through this use of isocolon, King lifts the hearts of blacks and tells them not to give up and continue their cause as someday, the blacks will be free from discrimination. Although those place names King mentions means nothing to the bystander, the audience King was facing would have recognized them as places where segregation was strictly enforced. Another example of isocolon is in the final part of King’s speech, when he writes â€Å"from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city† after writing about freedom ringing from all parts of America. This isocolon simply summarizes his claim of freedom ringing everywhere. I t creates a good rhythm and connects ideas. These two usages of isocolon are intended to boost the pathos of King’s speech as they both boost the emotions of the audience. Overall, King uses the isocolon to tell blacks to never give up as one day, freedom will ring everywhere. Although all of the rhetorical strategies are interesting, the most important aspect is how they relate to each other and the effect they create. As the structure of â€Å"I Have a Dream† is vital to its success, King carefully tries to relate all of his rhetorical strategies with his structure. For example, part of King’s structure is intended to make the audience harbor bad feelings about racism. To achieve this, King uses the rhetorical strategy of pathos along with metaphors and other rhetorical tropes and schemes to make the audience feel for the blacks. Also, King carefully chooses the rhetorical strategies in his essay in order to make them fit with the structure. For example, anaphora and parallelism combines in the speech to create the famous â€Å"I have a dream† and â€Å"let freedom ring† repetition. The constant repetition coupled with King’s deep inspirational voice serves to inspire the audience, audible when cheers are heard in the recording of King’s speech as he says â€Å"I have a dream† and â€Å"let freedom ring.† After hearing these repetitions, the viewer is filled with hope. This is in alignment with King’s structure as King intends for the end to be about hope for the future and those two repetitions both occur at the end. In brief, the rhetorical strategies of King’s speech combine to create a combining effect, supporting and reinforcing each other. In conclusion, Martin Luther King, Jr’s most famous speech was the â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech given in 1963 during one of the most famous marches in history, the 200,000-strong â€Å"March on Washington For Jobs and Freedom.† At the time, America was in the grips of racism and segregation, making the lives of many blacks living hell. â€Å"I Have a Dream,† however, played a major step into changing it. It managed to inspire a generation of blacks to never give up and made thousands of white Americans bitterly ashamed of their actions, forging a new start for society. Even now, it continues to make generations of people, not just Americans, to give up their racist beliefs and advocate social colorblindness. Without King, America would be probably still heavily segregated. Other than the speech’s heartwarming and moving content, King’s effective structure along with the usage of all three rhetorical modes and certain rhetorical tropes and sc hemes has revealed the reason â€Å"I Have a Dream† as a masterpiece of rhetoric and it persuades hundreds of thousands of people support the blacks instead of treating them unfairly. Works Cited Edwards, Stevie. â€Å"Analysis of Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream Speech† presentationmagazine.com. Presentation Magazine. n.d. Web. 12 August 2012. â€Å"Jim Crow Laws.† National Park Service. US Government., n.d. Web. 16 August. 2012 â€Å"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.† Martin Luther King, Jr. And the Global Freedom Struggle. Stanford University., n.d. Web. 9 August. 2012. â€Å"Martin Luther King, Jr. Biography.† biography.com. n.p., n.d. Web. 9 August. 2012.

Reasoning, Realism and Experience, The Case of Posterior Judgements Essays

Reasoning, Realism and Experience, The Case of Posterior Judgements Essays Reasoning, Realism and Experience, The Case of Posterior Judgements Essay Reasoning, Realism and Experience, The Case of Posterior Judgements Essay Reasoning is a key area in cognitive research, involving the use of logical thinking to find results or conclusions. The topic consists of two main areas: deductive and inductive reasoning. Realism is another area of focus, this is the theory that every statement is true or false regardless of whether this can be verified. One final area is experience, an alternative focusing on knowledge acquired through the senses rather than abstract reasoning. The nature of this study is to investigate the relationship between these three areas and posterior judgements. Such judgements are formed through assessing the likelihood of an event by updating a prior probability in light of new evidence. Reasoning is one of the oldest research topics in cognitive psychology. For Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1], a key question regarding human nature and reasoning is Are human beings rational? . Many philosophers believe that the laws of logic are the laws of thought and therefore reply yes to such a question. The psychology of reasoning has progressively developed since early research. Researchers have often drawn distinctions between two models of reasoning, deductive and inductive reasoning. Both relate to types of decisions made about particular instances or premises. A premise is formed when a number of propositions are related together by a logical operator. Eysenck (1993) [3], states that inductive reasoning is a form of reasoning whereby a generalised conclusion is drawn from specific information, therefore the conclusion cannot be shown to be necessarily true. He defines deductive reasoning as a form of reasoning in which definite conclusions follow on the basis that certain statements or premises are assumed to be true. In order to develop a greater understanding of these distinctions they need top be researched further. According to Johnson-Laird and Byrne (1991) [1] deductive reasoning is a central intellectual ability. This ability is vital for various human functions such as: formulating plans; determining consequences; interpreting and formulating instructions; pursuing arguments and solving problems. For Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1], a world without deduction would be a world without science, technology, laws, social conventions and cultures. Deductive reasoning makes use of logical systems to characterise the abstract structure of reasoning problems. One particular logical system used is the propositional calculus, a logic where propositions are manipulated using a small set of logical operators, for example, if. then. Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1], change their earlier question slightly to investigate deductive research, it becomes Are humans logical? . In simple terms, do people conform to logical interpretations such as if. hen, and if so, will they make valid inferences and reject invalid inferences provided by the propositional calculus. In Problem-Solving research, Newell and Simon (1972) [1] devised the problem-space theory. This takes the notion of an idealised problem space to characterise abstract structures of problems independently of any psychological proposals (Eysenck and Keane, 2000 [1]). Some logics have been used in a similar way in reasoning research. Such logics are devised to characterise the abstract structure of reasoning problems and to determine categories of responses (i. . correct or incorrect responses). Logical systems are similar to mathematical systems in that symbols are used to represent things, for example, the length of a car is represented by L1 and the length of a bus is represented by L2. Mathematical operators can then be used to manipulate the two variables and produce a new statement. In the case of reasoning, logical symbols are used in place of sentences and logical operators such as: not, or and if. then, if and only if, are used to manipulate the situation. Although logical operators use common words, it is essential to remember that they all have very different meanings. Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1], demonstrate the use of logical operators in more detail. Using the propositional calculus, they choose the letter P to represent the sentence If it is raining, and Q to represent Alicia gets wet. A logical operator is then applied to relate the two together creating: If P then Q, therefore If it is raining, then Alicia gets wet. Truth tables are used to determine conclusions from such logical statements as provided by Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1]. In logical systems such as the one they provided, only one of two truth values are possible, these being true and false. P can only be true or false because in the statement it is raining, therefore it is either raining or it isnt. The truth tables lay out the possibilities for a proposition and consequently explain how logical act on that proposition. The tables make it possible to define valid and invalid inferences. If someone concludes that if P then Q and P as a valid inference, this is called a modus ponens. If they conclude if P then Q and not Q as a valid inference it is known as a modus tollens. Many people make a modus ponens, however not many people are willing to state a modus tollens. For Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1], the importance of the logical analysis presented here is that it allows us to characterise the abstract structure of reasoning problems and gives us a criterion for determining whether certain conclusions are valid or invalid, correct or in error. In 1993, Eysenck [3], stated that affirmation of the consequent and denial of the antecedent are important matters of focus. A demonstration of affirmation of the consequent is : Premises: If it is raining, then Alicia gets wet. Alicia gets wet. Conclusion: Therefore, it is raining. A demonstration of denial of the antecedent is: Premises: If it is raining, then Alicia gets wet. It is not raining Conclusion: Alicia does not get wet. Evans, 1989 [3], stated that most people regard these conclusions as being valid. They are in fact, invalid. In the first example, it does not need to be raining for Alicia to get wet she may have been swimming or taken a shower. This is also applicable for the second example. Therefore, it is evident that deductive reasoning is prone to error when it comes to affirmation on the consequent and denial of the antecedent. Evans (1989 [3]) found that few errors are made with modus ponens but that error rates for modus tollens often exceed thirty per cent. There is no clear definition as to why such errors are made with modus tollens. It is thought to be partly due to a lack of practice in thinking about what is not the case (Eysenck 1993 [3]). The key element in research on deductive reasoning is whether or not people think rationally and logically. Henle (1962) [3], stated that consistent errors may be a result of people misunderstanding the question, even if they apply logical thinking to it. She also claimed that some errors were due to the subjects failure to accept the logical task. Braine, Reiser and Rumain, 1984 [3], developed Henles theory further. According to their natural deduction theory, most errors found in deductive reasoning occur due to a failure of comprehension. For Braine et al. (1984), people have a mental rule corresponding to modus ponens. As a result, premises based on modus ponens are easier to handle and therefore pose no comprehension problems. Deductive reasoning research covers a wide variety of tasks, any adequate theory of deduction should be able to explain the phenomena rising from such research (Eysenck and Keane 2000 [1]). Two main theories meet such a challenge, the Abstract-Rule theory and Mental Models theory. The Abstract-Rule theory assumes people reason validly by applying abstract, content-free rules of inference. It suggests people adopt a mental logic in order to make conclusions from statements or premises. Evidence from conditional reasoning shows that people are not completely rational, invalid inferences are often made in place of valid inferences. The Abstract-Rule theory proposes that humans use sets of comprehensive rules and apply them to any area of knowledge. The theory was used by Braine et al. (1984 [3]) in demonstrating that people only make invalid inferences due to a lack of understanding for the logical task. A representative case is that of Braine and OBriens (1991 [3]) Abstract-Rule theory. This theory states that deductive reasoning is mediated by basic abstract rules. The premises or arguments are encoded into abstract rules and inferences are then created. It predicts that people are natural logicians who are slightly fallible at the edges (Eysenck and Keane 2000 [1]). Most abstract rule theories have a reasoning rule corresponding to the modus ponens and the modus tollens is a harder inference to make due to the fact that no single rule can be applied to it. For Eysenck and Keane (2000) [1] people still apply their logically valid rules but because the input to the rules is erroneous, the output is often erroneous too. The Mental Models theory assumes that people reason by manipulating mental models of a set of premises, in a similar manner to semantic methods of proof in logic. This theoretical approach on deductive reasoning was proposed by Johnson-Laird in 1983 [1]. In simple form, the model is a representation of the state of affairs described in the premises of a problem and it may be in the form of imagery (Eysenck 1993 [3]). Such a representation depends on the interpretation of the premises. The Mental Model differs to the Abstract-Rule model because it creates a central role for comprehension in reasoning. Humans develop models through their comprehension of linguistic description, their description is therefore reliable on these models. Eysenck and Keane demonstrate a construction of a mental model (1990 [3]). Premises: The lamp is on the right of the pad. The book is on the left of the pad. The clock is in front of the book. The vase is in front of the lamp. Conclusion: The clock is to the left of the vase. Johnson-Laird (1983 [3]) believed people construct such a model in a simplified form, using the information contained in the premises: Book Pad Lamp Clock Vase It is often the case that people use more than one model in consistence with the premises. A second model often constructed differs slightly from the one above: Lamp Pad Book Vase Clock Johnson-Laird (1983 [3]) states that someone who constructed only the first mental model would mistakenly conclude the clock to be on the left of the vase. It would be evident to someone who constructed both models that the clock is not necessarily to the left of the vase. Eysenck (1993 [3]) summarises Johnson-Lairds Mental Model theory in the following points. Firstly, comprehension of the premises of a problem leads to construction of one or more mental models. Secondly, the model or models constructed are used to produce novel conclusions not specified by the premises directly. He stated that there is a check to decide whether there are any additional models to invalidate conclusions. Finally, the above three processes all depend on the processing, resources of working memory. It can therefore be affected by limited capacity. Research shows that deduction has received vas amounts of attention. It is evident that people construct mental models or constructions to try and resolve a situation by making the correct inference. Posterior judgements involve incorporating new evidence to update previous judgements. For Lance Rips (1994 [5]), one reason deduction has played a role in cognitive psychology is that it has been difficult for psychologists to envision what purpose deduction serves. Logical operators are combined with variables or premises to provide a model enabling cognitive processes such as problem solving or categorisation. Rips (1994 [5]) states that categorisation is of importance due to the fact that beliefs about category membership are not deducible from evidence available to us. It is more often the case that evidence provides an inductive warrant for categorising, as in more judgemental situations. It is clear that as people receive more information and evidence they build constructions to represent problems which may or may not lead to their predictions and previous judgements changing. The alternative aspect to deductive reasoning is that of inductive reasoning. Eysenck (1993 [3]) states that much of the research on inductive reasoning has been concerned with concept learning. Bourne, 1966 [3], described a concept as existing whenever two or more distinguishable objects or events have been grouped or classified together and set apart from other objects on the basis of some common feature or property characteristic of each. Bruner, Goodnow and Austin, 1956 [3], conducted a well known piece of research on concept learning. They used stimuli consisting of rectangular cards picturing various shapes. The cards varied in four dimensions as follows: the number of borders around the edges, the number of shapes in the centre of the cards, the shapes themselves and the colour of the shapes. Bruner et al. (1956 [3]) used typically conjunctive concepts in their experiment, it involved a number of features being presented together to produce a positive card, for example, three black circles. Many of their studies employed a selection paradigm. The subjects were offered all cards and selected one at a time, the concept was not revealed to them. After each selection they were told whether they had chosen a positive or negative instance of the concept. They could volunteer hypothesis to the experimenter about the concept of the experiment. Subjects appeared to use limited strategies, one being conservative focusing. This is focusing on a first positive instance and then choosing a following card that differs in only one attribute. If this card is also positive then the attribute changed is clearly irrelevant to the concept. Yet, if the second card chosen is a negative instance, then the attribute which varied is part of the concept. Another strategy used is successive scanning. This strategy is used to begin with a specific hypothesis which subjects attempt to test by selecting cards that will provide useful information. Bruner et al (1956 [3]) discovered that focusing was generally more successful than scanning because fewer cards needed to be selected before the concept was identified. Wason (1960 [1,3]) devised an interesting approach to concept learning resembling the work of Bruner et al. (1956 [3]) and their selection paradigm. His task involved four cards lying on a table, each card had a letter on one side and a number on the other. The subject is informed of a rule applicable to all four cards. For example, if there is an R on one side of the card then there is a 2 on the other side of it. Wasons task was to select only the cards that would not need to be turned over to determine the if rule is correct or not. The findings of this task were taken as evidence to confirm a persons tendency to confirm hypotheses in reasoning situations, although it is considered valuable, there is still a lot of controversy about its utility as a tool to examine human reasoning. Inductive reasoning shows a generalised conclusion is drawn from specific information, the conclusion cannot be proven as true. In the case of posterior judgements, inductive reasoning would have not have much effect on previous probabilities to the same extent as deductive reasoning. Specific judgements are made and no concrete conclusion is produced.

Ardipithecus essays

Ardipithecus essays Anthropologists have found the remains to what they classified as a distinct genus they called Ardipithecus. Ardipithecus has many characteristics that some may consider to be a hominid but there are also some evidence that point to the other direction that Arditpithecus is not a hominid. It is the most apelike hominid ancestor known (Boaz and Almquist, 2002). Ardipithecus is the earliest potential hominid found so far and was discovered in Ethiopia in 1994 by Tim White and his colleagues. So where exactly were these fossils found? These fossils were found in a dense forest with a relatively cool and wet climate. In contrast, early hominids were found in a savannalike setting (Boaz and Almquist, 2002). The origin of bipedalism took place in the savanna. Our ancestors were more adapted in opened grasslands. They left the trees and become bipedal. Bipedalism is considered the essential feature of being human. Therefore, from this I can conclude that Ardipithecus is not a hominid. However, there could be that little chance that Ardipithecus did migrate to the forest bipedally or because there was a climate change, which caused the forest to turn into a savanna. On the other hand, Bernard Wood, a professor of human origins at George Washington University, is questioning whether bipedalism is considered to be the defining characteristic of being human. After all, all birds have wings, but not all creatures with wings are birds. From this analysis, it would mak e it still too difficult to accept the fact that it could be a hominid. Yet, due to the discovery of Ardipithecus fossils, the answer to the question of whether it is a hominid or not was answered. Tim White and his colleagues did not have much to work with. It was nothing like Don Johansons discovery of Lucy. However, it was enough for them to conclude that Ardipithecus is not a hominid. The evidence accumulating right before their eyes told them tha...

Agree with Mr. G. Raymond article and write 3 pages, cite the sources

Agree with Mr. G. Raymond and write 3 pages, cite the sources. 4.1DF51 - Article Example on to employ electronic documentation systems in managing data and information in hospital facilities, and this is where the challenge to its effective implementation arises. In order to accomplish a considerable level of flexibility in the data that is used in computer based record system, the classification systems of nursing are essential, but they are not sufficient enough to represent aspects of the nursing profession. In consideration of actions and decisions that nurses make, it may not be very possible to encode such processes into a computer data system that can be reproduced or reapplied anywhere else (Henry, et al, 2005). In essence, the actions taken by nurses in providing medical care, and which are encoded as interventions must be considered as critical inputs in developing computer based record systems. The function and structure of classifications systems that exist and are meant to encode interventions by nurses cannot be accurate in depicting the nature of the work that nurses do in a way that can facilitate reusing of the data. To be able to capture and electronically represent in clinical context data that reflects an encounter of a patient with a practitioner in a health care facility is a significant challenge for system developers. To be able to encode data by employing standard classification and coding and yet be able to link it to resources that are based on knowledge such as clinical guidelines, may not be an easy thing for system developers to achieve (American Nurses Association, 1991). If standardization of language for nurses will inevitably require electronic or computer documentation of patient information and data, then the first concern that must be considered is the enormous start up cost for putting in place electronic systems for recording and processing medical data. This challenge is compounded by the fact that all charts, and which are numerous, be converted into electronic format. In advent, practitioners and other

Gender Differences in Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Gender Differences in Intelligence - Essay Example Therefore, these theoretical orientations emphasize that over time, different sets of conditions may influence the changes in children's behaviour in different stages of development (Piaget, 1952). Both the maturational and psychoanalytic theories highlight the influence of these internal variables in development of intellectual acumen and behaviour of children in relation to age. From that perspective, early childhood development can be considered to be expression of inborn predispositions primarily, which is an invariant innate process. According to these theories, a child's learning and intellectual development proceed according to a prefixed biologically dictated plan, which could have been determined by the specifics of genetics at the moment of conception. Therefore individual variations in intelligence and cognitive abilities can be reflections of differences in genetic traits. These theories which emphasize the dominant and determining role of innate and internal biological f actors as primary driving forces of early development can be categorized traditionally as nature side of developmental explanations. There is, however, considerable similarity among young children in the early part of their development when learning and education begin. These are best understood by maturational theories. It can be argued that if changes in children's behaviours and intelligence are conceived to be originating from inborn traits primarily, the role of adults would be to just provide appropriate conditions based on appropriate interpretations (Alloway, 1997). However, theories of education in early childhood are based on the belief that parenting and teaching can have considerable impact on the course of young children's development, both educational and intellectual (Jones Diaz and Robinson, 2000). Gender is a significantly important equity issue to be addressed with young children's' development and has consequently been incorporated into educational programmes in early childhood. Over time, research in this area has increased understanding and awareness of the ways gender operating in young children's lives, at least in the early phase of development. Years over, researchers have proposed that spatial and mathematical abilities domains point at gender differences in cognitive abilities since they were known to yield marked differences favouring the males (Ingraham, 1994). Other studies have revealed that throughout elementary school, girls clock better grades in mathematics and other subjects in comparison to the boys. Some researchers have shown that boys' advantage in mathematics is not prominent until secondary school. Current research throwing a close look at children's performance on specific intelligence and cognitive ability test items reveals that both genders are equ al in basic knowledge in mathematics with girls doing better in skills of computation. Despite controversies, boys' advantage appears in reasoning involving geometry and complex word problems. If mathematics or being good at mathematics is a measure of intelligence in early childhood, therefore, girls are no less than the boys (Katz, 1982). In comparison to past paradigms, there have been major

Psychological Testing Essay Example for Free

Psychological Testing Essay This paper is all about the uses and varieties of personality and projective tests. It aims to determine which tool is more reliable and valid to use in measuring and predicting the behavior of an individual. Furthermore, this paper discusses the uniformity of two different texts used containing the same stance that personality tests exceed the projective terms in terms of convenience to use, reliability, and validity. Personality and Projective Tests Introduction Personality and projective tests are psychological tests used to measure and evaluate the behavior of individuals in the school, community, and even workplace setting. The tests function to determine the difference of personalities among different individuals (examinees) taking the same test. Upon taking the test, interpretation of examinees’ scores would depend on their respective test results. However, in this paper, researchers of different psychological tests suggest that personality tests are more reliable and valid compared to projective tests. Personality and Projective Tests Albert Hood Richard Johnson (2008), a member of the American Counseling Association, collaborated to come up with Assessment in Counseling (2008), a book which discusses the different types of personality and projective tests. In the text, samples of personality tests include the following: the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory/MMPI2, Jackson’s Personality Research Form (PRF), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), California Psychological Inventory (CPI), and the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R). Further, CPI scale where 16 PF is adapted is recommended to be used for marriage and career counseling, job performance appraisals, and evaluation of management skills in the workplace. On the other hand, the different projective tests include the following: the Rorschach Ink Blot Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), House-Tree-Person (HTP), Roter Incomplete Sentences Blank, and Early Recollection. However, the Rorschach Inkblot Test was found to be the most commonly used projective technique to make inference of an individual’s behavior. In addition, Anne Anastasi (Dept. of Psychology in Fodrham University) and Susana Urbina (Dept. of Psychology in University of Florida) (2002), in their book Psychological Testing, suggest that personality tests are far better to use than projective tests since the latter is more complicated to execute and is more prone to erroneous interpretation regardless of the examiner’s years of experience in handling the test. Scope of the Literature Problem and Significance of the Problem The significance of the problem is to answer the question: â€Å"Which is a better tool to predict the behavior of an individual, is it the personality or the projective tests? † Research problem(s) Explored in the Study The two articles reviewed focus on the problem whether personality tests, observation, and inventories are more reliable, predictive tool in measuring the behavior of an individual rather than the projective tests. Hypothesis in the study Hypothesis of this study suggests that using personality inventories or psychological tests are better than using projective tests to assess a person’s behavior. Research Design and Methodology Research design to be used is descriptive correlational. The approach or tool to be used is the Pearson (r) correlation to determine the relationship between the two variables. Conclusion Psychological tests are tools to measure and predict the behavior of an individual. Depending on its purpose, personality tests and projective tests aim to assess personalities in different settings such as school, workplace, and community. In school, the tests serve the college students’ need to be counseled for the career that suits their personality; at work, the tests are used to evaluate which candidate is more fit for the job; and in the community, the tests determine who are mentally healthy and who are not for providing welfare. References Anastasi, A. Urbina S. (2002). Psychological Testing. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Hood, A. B. Johnson R. (2008). Assessment in Counseling: A Guide to Psychological Assessment Procedures. Stevenson Avenue, Alexandria: American Counseling Association.

Literary Comparison Of A Clock Essay -- essays research papers

A Literary Comparison Of A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The existence of evil in the world is a universal question that is often contemplated. Anthony Burgess and Arthur Miller in their novels A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible address this question of evil. One of these stories is set in the future, and the other in the past confirming the belief that the human struggle between good and evil is timeless and applies to every person in society. Throughout history numerous examples of leaders have attempted to control the nature of people within their society through systems of punishment and reward. This system had failed continuously to control the entire population because people still retain their ability to choose. It is said that once a person loses his free will, he ceases to be a person. This is the struggle confronting the protagonists in both A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible. The fifteen-year old rebel Alex and the respected farmer John Proctor refuse to conform to the rules of their oppressive societies, a nd as a result are denied the freedom to choose between good and evil, therefore becoming less than human.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Alex and John Proctor live in highly oppressive societies from which they feel alienated, and therefore decide to rebel against. The futuristic setting of A Clockwork Orange is one of a constructive, depersonalized society where the government has far too much control over people’s lives. They are forced to live in strictly regimented communities, and their daily life is dreary. “Alex’s England is a socialized nightmare.'; (De Vitis, 106) It is because of this meaningless life that Alex chooses to rebel against his society, committing so many brutal acts of violence that he soon becomes desensitized to the horror he is creating. When questioned by his correctional officer as to why he acts this way, Alex replies “…badness is of the self, the one, the you or me. They of the government and the judges and the schools cannot allow badness because they cannot allow they self… what I do, I do because I like to do it. (Burgess, 34 ) Alex fully Bisson 2 realizes that the controlled society he lives is one that tries to eliminate all individuality. This causes him to act out in violence against authority as a means o... ... since it is the only way he will be allowed to remain true to himself. Proctor realizes that life without free will is a subhuman existence and not worth living. Both Alex and john, unable to choose between right and wrong for themselves, cease to have a normal existence, and both choose death over a life without choice. This is the only way they have of affirming their humanity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Anthony Burgess and Arthur Miller believe that it is more important to remain true to oneself then to always choose good over evil. They show a person must maintain their free will in order to function properly as a human being. They prove this in their works A Clockwork Orange and The Crucible by showing the negative things which befall the protagonists when their right to choose is taken from them. Basically, a free will is essential to every human being, and to take it away is to dehumanize an individual. The two novels function as notable warnings to those that would sacrifice their individuality to please authorities. In addition, they remind the reader that what makes a person is their ability to choose, and so it is necessary that people be allowed that choice.

Diary of A Baby by Daniel Stern

Diary of a Baby by Daniel N. Stern focuses on 3 key points in Child Development. What your child sees, what they feels and what are the experiences during infantry. The author tries to relate from a baby’s point of view from one chapter to another. Reading this book is really an enjoyable experience where you ought to learn and tries to bring you back to the time where you are still young. The main character Joey gives us a clearer picture of what we were during this period. It clearly narrates how a young’s consciousness was penetrated by the environment and the people that they deal with everyday.Newborns can see clearly approximately 10 to 12 inches away, about the distance between a nursing infant and his mother’s face. Fortunately, infants tend to be more interested in the human face than everything else. This is where parents tends to take advantage of it and must spend time gazing into the baby’s eyes. As per the term what they see is more important because from total darkness in their mother’s womb, they were enlightened to the world and what they see gives them a clearer view and understanding of what the real world is all about.What a baby feels is like a human weatherscape where there is a unique moment of feelings in motion. Unlike photographs which are static, it has duration and changes depending on a child’s point of view. Dependability is one great word to describe what a child feels where it can last from a split second to many seconds. In the book, Joey’s feeling and perceptions change together. Each moment has its sequence and continuously adds up to the characters experiences in life. Interaction from the people around him is what drives his sights, feelings and experiences.What links the book to child development is that it gives guidance for parents in raising a child base on the scenario of everyday interaction. From coping up with the environment and dealing with the surroundings to the ex pectations in guidance and caring process to each Joey in a parent’s life. The optimal development of children is vital in our society. Therefore the social, cognitive, emotional and educational development of children is important to understand. Joey’s milestone mirrors child development in the book Diary of a Baby.Because it specifies physical and mental abilities like walking, seeing and understanding language according to a child’s age. Milestones can be described as what a child accomplishes throughout the different stages in their life. Increased knowledge of age specific areas in child development allows parents and other caring adults to keep track of appropriate child development which includes patience, problem solving, social skills and creativity in child rearing. What could possibly conflict the book and Child development is that not all that can be read may be applied.It varies depending on the knowledge and understanding of the reader and at the s ame time the stereotypical notion for them in racing their own child based on how they were raised by their parents. One strength of the book is that the reader sees a clearer view on a baby’s phase. It makes the reader feel as if they were young just like Joey once again. From the first six weeks where feelings are really great factors in child care. Why a warm hug and a sweet lullaby expresses deep love and care in every baby.World of feelings in this stage is extremely induced to the readers knowledge for them to be able to comply and have a better understanding how feelings is important during this stage. When a baby is hungry and wants to be fed up immediately it is like shots in a movie one maybe continuous with the next, or fade into it, or cut abruptly against it. Or be separated by a blank pause. It is not clear to babies how they move from one moment to the next or what. If anything happens between those experiences, the one who takes care of them are the mere respo nsible ones in the scenario.Because for Joey all his senses are focused on each one activity that he sees, feels and is experiencing at that very moment. And he lives and deals with each one intensely. Many are the prototypes of the moment that will or may recur over and over throughout his life. What could weaken the scenario is the conflicting ideas between the reader and the author’s concept for not all people may understand that all that is written in the book is the same in a parent-child scenario. One good example is unexpected pregnancy which may greatly affect the reader’s point of view on child development.It could provide both positive and negative impact once it was read. Positive in a way that a mother may become more excited into being a mother to her child or it could possibly frighten her in dealing with her baby because she is not really prepared to have one. Surprising Discoveries that was learned in the book is that I was fascinated how the author ent husiastically explained in details what a baby sees, feels and experiences during his childhood days where the only person they depend upon and look up to is their parents.This book can be utilized in the truest sense of the word parenting and child development process. It is a great instrument for mothers, expecting mothers and parents who desperately wants to know what the infant’s experience is really like Stern draws on his readers different findings and cutes on experiences of a baby in order to re-create the baby’s world and make it more fun, exciting and enjoyable

A Love in La and Good Man Hard to Find Essay

I observe only one similarity in both stories, which they were on a road and crash cars, this is an only similarity in those two stories which I can think of it. I did not notice any of the characters of both stories in the sense of similarity. But the jack and grandmother were kind of same sense of selfness. The both character think only for them self and want all the intension towards them. Love in L.A, a story of the person whose name is jack and seems like he is very lazy and disappointed from his lifestyle, wants to get some change in his lifestyle. One day jack was driving on a free way in los Angeles, suddenly he hit a car from back side and being a nice guy that he pulled over, he don’t want to but he did for a reason to have a chat with another driver because he found out that the driver of other car is a beautiful girl name â€Å"Mariana†, which he hit it from his old Buick. â€Å"A good man is hard to find† a story of a lady whose character mention as a â€Å"grandmother†, the whole story is based on grandmother mind set and the killer â€Å"misfit†, who escape from prison with his inmates friends. The family of grandmother made a vacation trip to Florida, but turns out grandmother wants to go to Tennessee, to change the trip for family from Florida to Tennessee, she read a article and show his son, there is some criminal offender escaped from prison, and its not safe to go to Florida this time because the character Misfit was heading to same direction. The grandmother wants to go to Tennessee, that’s what she was saying and has intension in whole trip; she also called herself a â€Å"Lady†. Bailey, a resident of Atlanta, he crashed their car on a trip to Florida when he gives into the grandmothers wishes to visit an old plantation. John and June star they were self centered children. Their behavior results from a lack of parental discipline. The misfit Dangerous, escaped from prisoner who comes across bailey and his family on a dirt road after they have crashed. He is having an internal debate of the meaning of life his purpose in it. I think both the writers are very impressive in the way of portraying the message, both stories have a strong side of message to the readers and they focus on the idea of human nature and discuss about the lifestyle of some individuals, the main purpose of those stories is to inform public about the character and the nature of humanity how people can do for his own sake and how far and deep can go any individuals for their desires. They main themes of those authors are to communicate with the people who have the same mind set for others and also describe the person behavior through those stories. I believe Gilbs was trying to force us to focus on the character and the nature of jack, because he was so desperate, full of laziness, have nothing special in his life and wants some change looking for some excuse to happen that he can turn his lifestyle in 360 degrees and become someone who is not himself. Second thought which I can think of by jack character is jack found himself lucky by crashing his car with beautiful girl who belongs to rich or moderate family, can benefit jack in his life and he can get some advantages from her and become someone else while he was thinking this, the authors wants to end the story different way to avoid his desire and make him hang loose in middle of nowhere. A second opinion on the issue is that the grandmother’s final act was not an act of charity and that she is yet again trying to save herself from being murdered. Some say that Flannery O’Connor uses the excuse as the grandmother’s final â€Å"moment of grace† to save the story from the bloodshed and violence. It is also pointed out that by the time the grandmother touches the Misfit, proclaiming he is her son, he is wearing Bailey’s shirt. Other opinions include that it is contradictory of her character or that she was simply again trying to save herself and that her selfishness was never overcome throughout the story. Who remarks that through enduring a constant of violence, she would have been a good woman if there had been someone to shoot her every day? It is also irony that the setting is on a freeway, where many people are driving each and every day. The chances of running into your soul mate are pretty slim. In my opinion, Jake has no moral c ode. He is willing to do whatever it takes to get away with the situation he has caused. By reading the character of jack in this short story, I think jack was a person who wants some change in his life, but he was so lazy to do so, wants to take some short cuts in his life to make it better living, as it mention in the story that he needed an FM radio in something better than this ’58 Buick he drove. It would have crushed velvet interior with electric controls for the L. A. Summer, a nice warm heater and defroster for the winter drives at the beach, a cruise control for those longer trips, mellow speakers front and rear of course, windows that hum closed, snuffing out that nasty exterior noise of freeways. When jack was thinking about this freedom from those problems which he was facing in his life, once he glimpsed green light, he got into accident with Toyota. In other hand O’Connor explain the accomplices shoot Bailey and John in the forest, then come back to retrieve the children’s mother, the baby and June Star for the same purpose. The grandmother begins pleading for her own life. When The Misfit ignores her pleas, she implores him to pray to Jesus. The Man becomes very angry. â€Å"There’s no pleasure but meanness,† said The Misfit. â€Å"You’re one of my own children!† The Grandmother says, as she reaches out and touches The Misfit. He shoots her three times. When the accomplices finish murdering the family, The Misfit takes a moment to clean his glasses, saying she would have been a good woman if someone could have been there to shoot her every minute of her life. Reading those two stories, my views has not been changed on the word love, but yes I found some new direction towards love, how people can go so far for their desire to accomplished and make things work for them self. Its turns out that those two main characters are selfish and have want to put their self on others and use others as a stairs for their achievements. My point of view love is nothing, most people manipulates the word love with respect, care and beauty. Basically when we care for someone we called at love, but sometime this word cause a lot of trouble, in real life. Love can only be done with God, and its gives us a direction to faith on religion. References Dagoberto Gilb (2004). Love in LA, Literature to Go. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Flannery O’Connor (1953). A Good Man is Hard to Find, Literature to Go. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Kristy Walker (2004). Retrieved from (http://www.writework.com/essay/love-21.)

Free Essays on Harry Potter

Harry Potter And Sorcerer Stone By Rowling Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by J.K. Rowling is a children's novel about a young boy, Harry Potter, and his adventures at Hogwarts, a school for wizards and witches. The novel is filled with humorous tales of exciting escapades in and around the school. There are many characters in the novel, and they do not always get along well. They make fun of each other and judge each other by a certain set of standards. Some of these standards include wealth, intelligence, family and athletic ability. These are all superficial ways of judging people. Being a children's author, Rowling shows her readers other, more important ways of categorizing others through less apparent methods. These true values that she emphasizes are judging others by their character and heart. The false values by which children judge each other are more blatant in the novel because they are illustrated through conversation instead of actions. The main ways that they judge each other are: financi al status, family background (Muggle or wizard), house affiliation, intelligence and athletic ability. Almost every character has some good values and some bad values in the novel. By illustrating the characters with faults, Rowling makes them more realistic and believable. The first skin deep value used to measure the status of a character is money. Just as in the real world, some people have more money than others. One character that seems to be very well off in the wizard world is Draco Malfoy. He has all of the newest and nicest books and school supplies on the first day. His owl is of the nicest breed. When the students receive mail at meals, Malfoy frequently receives packages of goodies from his family and he is not humble about it. He is quite a contrast to Ron Weasley and his family. Ron comes from a poor family. Everything he brings to school with him seems to be a hand-me-down. Ron says, "you never ge... Free Essays on Harry Potter Free Essays on Harry Potter Harry Potter And the Chamber of Secrets By Matt Carlson Harry returns from Hagwarts back to the Dursley’s home for another terrible summer. He returns home on his birthday and nobody even remembers. Harry has to stay upstairs all night because Uncle Vernon is having business guests over for a dinner party. Then, out of the blue, an house elf named Dobby sneaks into Harry’s bedroom and is becoming out of control because he’s so excited to meet Harry. He tells Harry that he must not go back to Hogwarts because something bad is going to happen there. Harry gets upset for one thing because he is too loud, and for another because he has been stopping Harry’s mail. Dobby tells Harry he can have them if he promises not to go to Hogwarts. Harry just becomes madder and so Dobby takes off downstairs right in the middle of the dinner party. Dobby escapes and Uncle Vernon becomes so angry with Harry that he locks him up in his room. That night Ron, and his two brothers, came to Harry’s rescue in a flying car that th eir dad built. They returned home to an angry mother who didn’t know they took the car. The Weasley boys get yelled at while Harry is treated with the up most respect. The next day Harry and the Weasleys all went shopping for the new coming year at Hogwarts. While shopping, Harry bumps into Gilderoy Lockhart, a kind of wizard celebrity. Lockhart instantly recognizes Harry and they have pictures taken together. A couple days later they were getting ready to go back Hogwarts on the train through the train station. Harry and Ron were the last ones to go through and then all of a sudden, crash! They didn’t make it through. It was solid. So Ron and Harry decide to take the flying car to Hogwarts. They make it there and crash into a tree called a Whomping Willow. This kind of tree can move and cause damage which was exactly what happened. They car escaped barely before it was completely crushed. Harry and Ron barely made it out... Free Essays on Harry Potter 1) My first book I read over the summer was Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, which was written by J.K. Rowling. The Copyright date of the book is 1998 and the book contains 309 pages. 2) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone is about a boy named Harry Potter who found out he was a wizard who as a baby drained the powers of the most dangerous wizard Voldemort. Potter was sent to a wizardry school named Hogwarts, where he studied magic. There strange things happened to him and he realized that someone wanted to expose of him. At the end of the story he finds out that one of his professors Mr. Quirrel was actually sharing his body with the evil wizard Voldemort in which no one has heard from since Harry was a baby. Harry found out that Voldemort was looking for the Sorcerer’s Stone, which is a stone that allows wizards to have infinite powers. Harry ends up restraining his professor in a dungeon room, which contains the stone until the school’s master Dumbledore stops Quirrel. Voldemort ends up escaping but once again Harry defeated him. 3) The significance of the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone is that the book is about Harry Potter and Harry learns about a stone which makes Wizards more powerful than you can imagine. Harry ends up stopping the evil wizard Voldemort in taking the stone. 4) My first impression of Harry Potter was that he was a young boy who never got anything in his life but in some way he was different. He never got anything because he lived with his aunt and uncle who knew that he was a wizard and they disowned him. They never through birthday parties for him or even gave him a bedroom, he just slept in a little cupboard. 5) Harry changed in many ways during the course of the story. First of all in the beginning of the story Harry didn’t know that he was a wizard and that he had special powers. He grew up lot during the story and became more brave and mature. 6) I cite from... Free Essays on Harry Potter Harry Potter And Sorcerer Stone By Rowling Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone by J.K. Rowling is a children's novel about a young boy, Harry Potter, and his adventures at Hogwarts, a school for wizards and witches. The novel is filled with humorous tales of exciting escapades in and around the school. There are many characters in the novel, and they do not always get along well. They make fun of each other and judge each other by a certain set of standards. Some of these standards include wealth, intelligence, family and athletic ability. These are all superficial ways of judging people. Being a children's author, Rowling shows her readers other, more important ways of categorizing others through less apparent methods. These true values that she emphasizes are judging others by their character and heart. The false values by which children judge each other are more blatant in the novel because they are illustrated through conversation instead of actions. The main ways that they judge each other are: financi al status, family background (Muggle or wizard), house affiliation, intelligence and athletic ability. Almost every character has some good values and some bad values in the novel. By illustrating the characters with faults, Rowling makes them more realistic and believable. The first skin deep value used to measure the status of a character is money. Just as in the real world, some people have more money than others. One character that seems to be very well off in the wizard world is Draco Malfoy. He has all of the newest and nicest books and school supplies on the first day. His owl is of the nicest breed. When the students receive mail at meals, Malfoy frequently receives packages of goodies from his family and he is not humble about it. He is quite a contrast to Ron Weasley and his family. Ron comes from a poor family. Everything he brings to school with him seems to be a hand-me-down. Ron says, "you never ge... Free Essays on Harry Potter Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, written by J. K. Rowling, is a modern fantasy whose title alone brings the anticipation of magic. The cover illustration and the chapter headings, as well as the illustrations at the beginning of each chapter, will make the reader anticipate excitement and intrigue. The size of the print and the length of the book seem to deem the age range for this book is mid grade school to junior high, yet people of all ages enjoy it. The opening page ends with one sentence that will leave the reader waiting for more and anticipating an extraordinary story. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone tells a great story that children especially will enjoy because there is so much action and the plot is original and different. This story is not realistic yet it is believable and credible. The plot in this story goes in logical order and leaves no room for guessing because the author gives more than enough preparation for the events to come. The story as a whole has cause and effect and this makes the story easier to understand. There is an identifiable climax in this story and it occurs when Harry finds out about the Sorcerer’s Stone and the events that lead up to the climax make it extremely exciting. Over all the plot in this story is incredibly well constructed. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone takes place outside of London in modern times. The time is indicated by the use of modern inventions (such as cars, toasters, and televisions) yet time seems to be distorted to add elements to the story that make it more interesting (for example, old fashioned uniforms are worn to boarding schools). The setting makes the story more interesting to the reader and it also affects the characters by placing them into a whole different world than that we are used to. This story has universal implications and could take place just about any time and any place. The theme of Harry Potter and the Sorcere... Free Essays on Harry Potter Website Review: â€Å"The Great Harry Potter Debate† I reviewed a website entitled, â€Å"The Great Harry Potter Debate.† (elycia-webdesign.com/harrypotter/debate/) The website discussed the censorship of children’s literature. It focused on the Harry Potter series. The series tells the story of a young boy, Harry Potter, whose parents are killed by the evil sorcerer Voldemort. He narrowly escapes Voldemort's attempt to kill him also, and carries a lightning shaped scar on his forehead from the battle. In the series of books, Harry goes to a magical land and learns how to become a wizard. He attends the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. In the books, he encounters many adventures. (Arendt) As I said before, the website discussed the censorship of the Harry Potter series. I chose to focus on the Anti-Harry Potter portion of the site because it dealt with this touchy subject of censorship. According to the website, some conservative Christian parents have openly called for the banning of the Harry Potter books in schools. Many parents who object to the Harry Potter books base their objections on the teaching of the Christian church. â€Å"The fears and misconceptions about anything having to do with ‘magic’ or ‘wizards’ being directly linked to Satan has helped cause this parental panic (Arendt).† There have been formal attempts to ban the books made in New York, Michigan and Minnesota. Censorship is a serious subject. People have always tried to censor books in schools. They have done this due to religious or political reasons. They also want what is best for their children. The website told me that many communities have taken action against books that they feel will have negative effects on their children's development. I have a hard time understanding why they believe the Harry Potter series will have negative effects on their children’s development. I have since found that there is... Free Essays on Harry Potter Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone was a film based on J.K. Rowling’s top selling novel. The novel and the film are very similar in content. The film however takes away from the reader’s own imagination of the way they want to portray each character and the events throughout the story. Even though the novel and film are very similar, there are a few differences; some are more minor than others though. The way the novel was writing it shows each event in very strong detail and characteristic. It seems like it would be a children’s book, but I believe that the story can be seen from all different views and age groups, and also that the movie was good as well. To story of Harry Potter is Harry’s parents have died in a car crash when he was still a baby, and he is being brought up by his Uncle Vernon and Aunt Petunia. For some reason unknown to the oblivious ten-year-old, his aunt and uncle let him live in the small chamber under the stairs, and treat him more like a nobody than like a family member. His fat cousin Dudley, his aunt and uncle’s real son, keeps bothering Harry all the time. On his eleventh birthday, Harry Potter finally receives a mysterious letter from a certain Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, telling him that he is chosen as one of the future students of that supposedly renowned school. Hagrid, who is half giant, who brought the letter, finally introduces Harry into the real circumstances of his life: His parents were a wizard and a witch; they were killed by the evil wizard Voldemort while protecting Harry from being killed. Harry still has a lightning-shaped scar on his forehead from that ev ent. Since he survived the attack as a baby, and also somehow deprived Voldemort from his powers, he has been famous in the wizard world ever since. Harry’s aunt and uncle are very strong disbelievers in that magical crap, never told Harry anything about his true self. So, Harry is very surprise... Free Essays on Harry Potter At some point in everyone’s life they have felt lost and helpless without anyone to turn to. We have all been picked on and wished that things could get better. Harry Potter always wished that things were better and one day they were. Harry Potter is a small and skinny eleven year-old boy that lives with his Aunt Petunia and Uncle Vernon. His parents were killed when he was only one year old. I can not imagine what it would be like for my parents to be dead so I bet that it was hard for Harry to deal with. Harry’s Aunt and Uncle really do not care much about him. They are completely in love with their son Dudley. They shower Dudley with presents and give him what ever he wants whenever he wants. Harry does not even get his own clothes. He has to wear what ever Dudley does not want any more. Harry has to live in the cupboard under the stairs, while Dudley has two bedrooms. Dudley is allowed to sit around, play games and be lazy. Harry has to cook, clean and get the mail. When their birthday’s come around Harry is lucky to get a pair of socks. Dudley throws a fit if he only gets thirty-seven presents. Dudley is basically your typical spoiled little brat and Harry is a shy person that is bullied around. Dudley and his friends are terribly mean to Harry. They have nothing better to do than to pick on him. His glasses are broke from all of the times that Dudley hit him in the nose. They play games like Harry Hunting. Sometimes Harry gets so upset that he runs away and hides. Harry tries to just keep to himself so he does not get hurt by the other children. Harry is continuously abused by his Aunt and Uncle. They make him live in the cupboard and do not let him get out very often. They send him to bed and do not let him eat. He has to wait until they are asleep and sneak into the kitchen to get food. There are pictures of Dudley all over the house, but not a single one of Harry. Harry had no role model t...